英国人学什么外语,为什么英国和美国都说英语?
英国人在西班牙人、荷兰人等欧洲人手中买下、开发、殖民了大片的美国土地(当时还不叫美国),然后和澳大利亚一样,很多英国的罪犯被流放到这些殖民地,或者英国的落魄人士,期待着到新大陆淘金,所以就去了很多英国人——当时去美国的那些英国人,大多数都是为英国上流社会所不齿的人,这也解释了为什么英国人至今说起美国来,还有一定程度的戏虐、或者说不屑。
后来美国人实在受不了英国人的统治了,所以就开始了独立战争。但是即使这样,他们的语言已经被奠定了是英语。英语教学有哪些流派?
英语教学主要流派有:
① 语法翻译法(Grammar Translation Method)The Grammar Translation Method: A method of language or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities. A typical lesson consists of the presentation of a grammatical rule, a study of lists of vocabulary, and a translation exercise.
语法翻译法外语或第二语言教学的一种方法,以翻译和语法学习为主要的教学活动。典型的一堂课由介绍语法规则、学习词汇表和翻译练习组成。
② 直接法(Direct Method)The Direct Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which insists that (a) only the target language should be used in class (b) meanings should be communicated “directly” (hence the name of the method) by associating speech forms with actions , objects , mime , gestures , and situations (c) reading and writing should be taught only after speaking (d) grammar rules should not be taught to the learners
直接法 \ 直接教学法: 外语或第二语言的一种教学方,这种方法要求(a)课堂上应该只使用目的语(b)意思应该通过将语言和动作、物体、模仿、手势及情景结合起来直接表达出来(这是这种方法名称由来)(c)读、写 、应该在说之后教(d.)不应该向学生教语法。
③ 听说法(Audio-lingual Method)Audio-Lingual Method: A method of foreign or second language teaching which (a) emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing (b) uses dialogues and drills (c) discourage use of the mother tongue in the classroom (d) often makes use of contrastive analysis. The audio-lingual method was prominent in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the United States, and has been widely used in many other parts of the world.
听说法:外语或第二语言教学的一种方法,这种方法:(a)强调先教听说,后教读写(b)运用对话和操练(c)反对在课堂上使用母语(d)常利用对比分析。听说法的应用在五、六十年代,特别是在美国,尤其突出,它已被其他国家广泛采用。
④ 口语教学法(The Oral Approach) \ 情景法(又叫视听法) The Situational Approach (Audio-Visual Method)The Oral Approach (or Situational Language Teaching) refers to an approach to language teaching developed by British applied linguistics from the 1930s to the 1960s. it is a grammar-based method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through meaningful situation-based activities.
口语教学法(又叫情景教学法),指的是英国实用语言学家于二十世纪30年代到60年代发展起来的一种语言教学方法。此法是以语法为基础的教学法,语法与词汇按难易程度分层次教学,新的语言点通过有意义的情景活动得到展示与练习。
⑤ 认知法(Cognitive Approach)The Cognitive Approach (or the cognitive-code method/learning) is an approach to foreign language teaching which is based on the belief that language learning is a process which involves active method processes and not simply the forming of habits. It lays emphasis on the conscious acquisition of language as a meaningful system.
认知法(也称认知-符号法/认知-符号学习理论)是一种外语教学法,它认为语言学习是一种积极的心智活动过程,而不是简单的习惯形成过程。认知法认为语言是一个有意义的系统,强调在理解的基础上有意义的学习语言。
⑥ 交际法 (communicatIve Approach)The Communicative Approach is an approach to foreign or second language teaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is communicative competence. The communicative approach has been developed particularly by British applied linguists as a reaction away from grammar-based approaches such as the aural-oral approach. Teaching materials used with a communicative approach often (a) teach the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions such as requesting, describing, expressing likes and dislikes, etc. (b) are based on a communicatively organized syllabus (c) emphasize the processes of communication, such as using language appropriately in different types of situations; using language to perform different kinds of tasks, e.g. to solve puzzles, to get information, etc.; using language for social interaction with other people.
交际法是外语或第二语言的一种教学理论,它强调交际能力是语言学习的目标。交际法主要由英国应用语言学家创立,与以语法为基础的教学理论如听说法相对而言。交际法所采用的教学材料:(a)教学表达和理解不同功能所需要的语言,如请求、描写、表示喜恶等 (b)以从交际角度编写的教学大纲为基础 (c)强调交际过程,如不同的场合下恰当地使用语言;运用语言执行各项任务,如解决问题,获得信息等;运用语言与人们进行社交。
⑦ 全身反应法(Total Physical Response)Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action; it attempts to teach language through physical activity.TPR reflects a grammar-based view of language. Asher states that “most of the grammatical structure of the target language and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative(祈使句) by the instructor”.
全身反应法:倡导把语言和行为联系在一起,通过身体动作教授外语。特点: 让第二语言进入学生的右半脑;以"听-做动作"为主要教学组织形式;教授的语言形式以祈使句为主,带动其他句型;对学生的错误采取宽容的态度。
⑧任务性教学法(Task-based Language Teaching )The Task-Based Language Teaching Approach: The concept of task is central to many theories of classroom teaching and learning, and the school curriculum is sometimes described as a collection of tasks. From this viewpoint, school work is defined by a core of basic tasks that recur across different subjects in the curriculum. The teacher’s choice of tasks determines learning goals, how learning is to take place, and how the results of learning will be demonstrated. In second language teaching, the use of different kinds of tasks is said to make teaching more communicative since it provides a purpose for a classroom activity which goes beyond the practice of language for its own sake.
任务型语言教学理论:任务这一概念是许多课堂教学理论的中心问题,学校课程有时被说成是一系列的任务。从这一角度上说,体现在课程中不同科目里的基本任务规定学校作业的内容。教师对任务的选择决定学习的目标、学习进行的方式以及学习成果的表现方式。第二语言教学中,各种不同任务的选用据说能促进教学中的交际,其原因是他为课堂活动设立了目标,不仅仅是为了练习语言而练习语言。
英国英语和美国英语一样吗?
感谢你的提问。
判断一下你的英语是英国英语还是美国英语:你在英国一家商场,问售货员男人服装在几层,对方回答在 first floor。你会去:一层?二层?另外“box”这个词你是怎么读的?[[baks]] 还是[bɒks]?
答案:英国英语里,first floor是第二层,第一层是ground floor。 “box”这个词美国英语读[[baks]] ,英国英语读[bɒks]。
明白了吧?所以我们说英国英语与美国英语还是有一定差异的。这种差异比我们国家各个方言之间的差别要小得多。
我国各级各类学校包括初中、高中,所讲授的英语,绝大多数都是英国英语,只不过近年来由于美国经济的影响日益强大,美国英语尤其是口语,对其他国家包括我国英语学习者产生了一定的影响,有些英语学习者开始模仿美式发音,形成了英美混合英语(mixture)。但是判断某位个人的英语是英国英语还是美国英语,我们主要从以下几个方面来进行考量。
1. 词语用法:美国英语地铁是subway,英国英语则为underground,比如伦敦地铁London Underground,英国英语里药店是chemist’s,而美国英语则用drugstore 或pharmacy来表示。人行道在英国叫pavement,在美国叫sidewalk。英国人把钱包叫做purse或wallet,美国人则叫做pocketbook。吃饭时美国人称最后一道食品为dessert(甜食),英国则只把其中的水果叫dessert ,其余的叫pudding。
英国英语和美国英语在读音上的差异主要反映在元音字母a, o 和辅音字母r 的不同读音上。
1)在ask, fast, path 这一类的单词中,英国人将字母a 读作[a:],而美国人则读作[æ],所以这些词在美国人口中就成了[æsk][fæst]和[pæø]。你是怎么发这些词的音的?
2)在box, hot, spot这一类单词中,美国人则将o读作近似[a:]音的[a]。所以这些词在美国人读起来就成了[baks][hat]和[spat]。你又是怎么发这些词的音的?还有辅音字母r在单词中的读音。在英语的r音节中不含卷舌音[r],而美语的r音节中含卷舌音[r],如下列词在英语和美语中读音是不同的,car 与 door这两个单词:英国英语读音 [ka:] [d):] ,美国英语读音:[kar][dor]。
3. 拼写方面:英国英语和美国英语有些词拼法不同》如:colour(英国英语) color(美国英语)jewellry(英国英语) jewelry(美国英语)programme (英国英语) program(美国英语)centre(英国英语) center(美国英语)美国英语拼写比较简单,更符合拼写规则,更容易记住。
4. 语法方面:美国英语与英国英语在语法上也有一些差异。比如,英国英语在虚拟式中往往要加should,而美国英语用动词原型。表示"有"或"没有"的概念时,英国英语用 to have/haven’t got,美国英语则用 to have/don’t have;"不得不"、"必须"做什么,英国英语用 to have got to do something,美国英语只须说 to have to do something。
英国有几个民族?
英国有英格兰人、苏格兰人、威尔士人、爱尔兰人四个民族。
18世纪至20世纪初期,英国统治的领土跨越全球七大洲,是当时世界上最强大的国家和第一大殖民帝国,其殖民地面积等于本土的111倍,号称日不落帝国。
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